//从C到C++的快速教程
1. C++头文件不必是.h结尾,C语言中的标准库头文件如math.h,stdio.h在C++
被命名为cmath,cstdio.
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdio>
int main(){
double a = 1.2;
a = sin (a);
printf("%lf\n",a);
}
2 除了C的多行注释,C++可以使用单行注释
/*
CC的多行注释`
用于注释一块代码
*/
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdio>
int main(){ //程序执行的入口,main主函数
double a = 1.2; //定义一个变量a
a = sin (a);
printf("%lf\n",a); //用格式符%lf输出a: lf表示是double型
}
3. 名字空间namespace.
为防止名字冲突(出现同名),C++引入了名字空间( namespace),
通过::运算符限定某个名字属于哪个名字空间
//如 “计算机1702”::“李平”
//如 “信计1603”::“李平”
#include <cstdio>
namespace first
{
int a;
void f(){/*...*/}
int g(){/*...*/}
}
namespace second
{
double a;
double f(){/*...*/}
char g;
}
int main ()
{
first::a = 2;
second::a = 6.453;
first::a = first::g()+second::f();
second::a = first::g()+6.453;
printf("%d\n",first::a);
printf("%lf\n",second::a);
return 0;
}
通常有3种方法使用名字空间X的名字name:
/*
using namespace X; //引入整个名字空间
using X::name ; //使用单个名字
X::name; //程序中加上名字空间前缀,如X::
*/
4. C++的新的输入输出流库(头文件iostream)将输入输出看成一个流,并用
输出运算符 << 和输入运算符 >> 对数据(变量和常量进行输入输出);
其中有cout和cin分别代表标准输出流对象(屏幕窗口)和标准输入流对象(键盘);
标准库中的名字都属于标准名字空间std.
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using std::cout; //使用单个名字
int main()
{
double a;
cout << "从键盘输入一个数" << std::endl; //endl表示换行符,并强制输出
std::cin >> a; // 通过“名字限定”std::cin,
//cin是代表键盘的输入流对象,>>等待键盘输入一个实数
a = sin(a);
cout << a; //cout是代表屏幕窗口的输出流对象
return 0;
}
#include <iostream> //标准输入输出头文件
#include <cmath>
using namespace std; //引入整个名字空间std中的所有名字
//cout cin都属于名字空间std;
int main() {
double a;
cout << "从键盘输入一个数" << endl;
cin >> a;
a = sin(a);
cout << a;
return 0;
}
5. 变量“即用即定义”,且可用表达式初始化
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (){
double a = 12 * 3.25;
double b = a + 1.112;
cout << "a contains : " << a << endl;
cout << "b contains: " << b << endl;
a = a * 2 + b;
double c = a + b * a; //“即用即定义”,且可用表达式初始化
cout << "c contains: " << c << endl;
}
6. 程序块{}内部作用域可定义域外部作用域同名的变量,在该块里就隐藏了外部变量
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
double a;
cout << "Type a number: ";
cin >> a;
{
int a = 1; // "int a"隐藏了外部作用域的“double a"
a = a * 10 + 4;
cout << "Local number: " << a << endl;
}
cout << "You typed: " << a << endl; //main作用域的“double a"
return 0;
}
7. for循环语句可以定义局部变量。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main (){
int i = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
cout << i << endl;
}
cout << "i contains: " << i << endl;
for (i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
cout << i<< " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}
8.访问和内部作用域变量同名的全局变量,要用全局作用域限定 ::
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double a = 128;
int main (){
double a = 256;
cout << "Local a: " << a << endl;
cout << "Global a: " <<::a << endl; //::是全局作用域限定
return 0;
}
9.C++引入了“引用类型”,即一个变量是另一个变量的别名
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
double a = 3.1415927;
double &b = a; // b 是 a的别名,b就是a
b = 89; //也就是a的内存块值为89
cout << "a contains: " << a << endl; // Displays 89.
return 0;
}
引用经常用作函数的形参,表示形参和实参实际上是同一个对象,
在函数中对形参的修改也就是对实参的修改
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void swap(int x, int y) {
cout << "swap函数内交换前:" << x << " " << y << endl;
int t = x; x = y; y = t;
cout << "swap函数内交换后:" << x << " " << y << endl;
}
int main(){
int a = 3, b = 4;
swap(a, b);
cout << a << ", " << b << endl; // Displays 100, 4.
return 0;
}
/*
x,y得到2个int型变量的指针,x,y本身没有修改
修改的是x,y 指向的那2个int型变量的内容
*/
void swap(int *x, int *y) {
cout << "swap函数内交换前:" << *x << " " << *y << endl;
int t = *x; *x = *y; *y = t;
cout << "swap函数内交换后:" << *x << " " << *y << endl;
}
int main() {
int a = 3, b = 4;
swap(&a, &b); // &a赋值给x,&b赋值给y,
//x,y分别是int*指针,指向a,b
//*x, *y就是a和b
cout << a << ", " << b << endl; // Displays 100, 4.
return 0;
}
//x,y是实参的引用
void swap(int &x, int &y) {
cout << "swap函数内交换前:" << x << " " << y << endl;
int t = x; x = y; y = t;
cout << "swap函数内交换后:" << x << " " << y << endl;
}
int main(){
int a = 3, b = 4;
swap(a, b); //x,y将分别是a,b的引用,即x就是a,y就是b
cout << a << ", " << b << endl; // Displays 100, 4.
return 0;
}
当实参占据内存大时,用引用代替传值(需要复制)可提高效率,
如果不希望因此无意中修改实参,可以用const修改符。如
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void change (double &x, const double &y,double z){
x = 100;
y = 200; //错! y不可修改,是const double &
z = 300;
}
int main (){
double a,b,c;//内在类型变量未提供初始化式,默认初始化为0
change(a, b, c);
cout << a << ", " << b << ", " << c << endl; // Displays 100, 4.
return 0;
}
10.对于不包含循环的简单函数,建议用inline关键字声明 为"inline内联函数",
编译器将内联函数调用用其代码展开,称为“内联展开”,避免函数调用开销,
提高程序执行效率
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
inline double distance(double a, double b) {
return sqrt(a * a + b * b);
}
int main() {
double k = 6, m = 9;
// 下面2行将产生同样的代码:
cout << distance(k, m) << endl;
cout << sqrt(k * k + m * m) << endl;
return 0;
}
11. 通过 try-catch处理异常情况
正常代码放在try块,catch中捕获try块抛出的异常
#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
int main (){
int a, b;
cout << "Type a number: ";
cin >> a;
cout << endl;
try {
if (a > 100) throw 100;
if (a < 10) throw 10;
throw "hello";
}
catch (int result) {
cout << "Result is: " << result << endl;
b = result + 1;
}
catch (char * s) {
cout << "haha " << s << endl;
}
cout << "b contains: " << b << endl;
cout << endl;
// another example of exception use:
char zero[] = "zero";
char pair[] = "pair";
char notprime[] = "not prime";
char prime[] = "prime";
try {
if (a == 0) throw zero;
if ((a / 2) * 2 == a) throw pair;
for (int i = 3; i <= sqrt (a); i++){
if ((a / i) * i == a) throw notprime;
}
throw prime;
}
catch (char *conclusion) {
cout << "异常结果是: " << conclusion << endl;
}
catch (...) {
cout << "其他异常情况都在这里捕获 " << endl;
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
12. 默认形参: 函数的形参可带有默认值。必须一律在最右边
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double test(double a, double b = 7) {
return a - b;
}
int main() {
cout << test(14, 5) << endl;
cout << test(14) << endl;
return 0;
}
/*错: 默认参数一律靠右*/
double test(double a, double b = 7, int c) {
return a - b;
}
13. 函数重载:C++允许函数同名,只要它们的形参不一样(个数或对应参数类型),
调用函数时将根据实参和形参的匹配选择最佳函数,
如果有多个难以区分的最佳函数,则变化一起报错!
注意:不能根据返回类型区分同名函数
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
double add(double a, double b) {
return a + b;
}
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
//错:编译器无法区分int add (int a, int b),void add (int a, int b)
void add(int a, int b) {
return a - b;
}
int main() {
double m = 7, n = 4;
int k = 5, p = 3;
cout << add(m, n) << " , " << add(k, p) << endl;
return 0;
}
14.运算符重载
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Vector2{
double x;
double y;
};
Vector2 operator * (double a, Vector2 b){
Vector2 r;
r.x = a * b.x;
r.y = a * b.y;
return r;
}
Vector2 operator+ (Vector2 a, Vector2 b) {
Vector2 r;
r.x = a.x + b.x;
r.y = a.y + b.y;
return r;
}
int main (){
Vector2 k, m; // C++定义的struct类型前不需要再加关键字struct: "struct vector"
k.x = 2; //用成员访问运算符.访问成员
k.y = -1;
m = 3.1415927 * k; // Magic!
cout << "(" << m.x << ", " << m.y << ")" << endl;
Vector2 n = m + k;
cout << "(" << n.x << ", " << n.y << ")" << endl;
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Vector2 {
double x;
double y;
};
ostream& operator << (ostream& o, Vector2 a){
o << "(" << a.x << ", " << a.y << ")";
return o;
}
int main (){
Vector2 a;
a.x = 35;
a.y = 23;
cout << a << endl; // operator <<(cout,a);
return 0;
}
15. 模板template函数:厌倦了对每种类型求最小值
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int minValue(int a, int b) {//return a<b?a:b
if (a < b) return a;
else return b;
}
double minValue(double a, double b) {//return a<b?a:b
if (a < b) return a;
else return b;
}
int main() {
int i = 3, j = 4;
cout << "min of " << i << " and " << j << " is " << minValue(i, j) << endl;
double x = 3.5, y = 10;
cout << "min of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << minValue(x, y) << endl;
}
//可以转化成: 模板函数
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//可以对任何能比较大小(<)的类型使用该模板让编译器
//自动生成一个针对该数据类型的具体函数
template<class TT>
TT minValue(TT a, TT b) {//return a<b?a:b
if (a < b) return a;
else return b;
}
int main() {
int i = 3, j = 4;
cout << "min of " << i << " and " << j << " is " << minValue(i, j) << endl;
double x = 3.5, y = 10;
cout << "min of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << minValue(x, y) << endl;
//但是,不同类型的怎么办?
cout << "min of " << i << " and " << y << " is " << minValue(i, y) << endl;
}
//可以对任何能比较大小(<)的类型使用该模板让编译器
//自动生成一个针对该数据类型的具体函数
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T1, class T2>
T1 minValue(T1 a, T2 b) {//return a<b?a:b
if (a < b) return a;
else return (T2)b; //强制转化为T1类型
}
int main() {
int i = 3, j = 4;
cout << "min of " << i << " and " << j << " is " << minValue(i, j) << endl;
double x = 3.5, y = 10;
cout << "min of " << x << " and " << y << " is " << minValue(x, y) << endl;
//但是,不同类型的怎么办?
cout << "min of " << i << " and " << y << " is " << minValue(i, y) << endl;
}
//堆存储区
16. 动态内存分配:
关键字 new 和 delete 比C语言的malloc/alloc/realloc和free更好,
可以对类对象调用初始化构造函数或销毁析构函数
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS //windows
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main() {
double d = 3.14; // 变量d是一块存放double值的内存块
double *dp; // 指针变量dp:保存double类型的地址的变量
// dp的值得类型是double *
// dp是存放double *类型值 的内存块
dp = &d; //取地址运算符&用于获得一个变量的地址,
// 将double变量d的地址(指针)保存到double*指针变量dp中
// dp和&d的类型都是double *
*dp = 4.14; //解引用运算符*用于获得指针变量指向的那个变量(C++中也称为对象)
//*dp就是dp指向的那个d
cout << "*dp= " << *dp << " d=:" << d << endl;
cout << "Type a number: ";
cin >> *dp; //输出dp指向的double内存块的值
cout << "*dp= " << *dp << " d=:" << d << endl;
dp = new double; // new 分配正好容纳double值的内存块(如4或8个字节)
// 并返回这个内存块的地址,而且地址的类型是double *
//这个地址被保存在dp中,dp指向这个新内存块,不再是原来d那个内存块了
// 但目前这个内存块的值是未知的
// 注意: new 分配的是堆存储空间,即所有程序共同拥有的自由内存空间
//而d,dp等局部变量是这个程序自身的静态存储空间
// new会对这个double元素调用double类型的构造函数做初始化,比如初始化为0
*dp = 45.3; //*dp指向的double内存块的值变成45.3
cout << "Type a number: ";
cin >> *dp; //输出dp指向的double内存块的值
cout << "*dp= " << *dp << endl;
*dp = *dp + 5; //修改dp指向的double内存块的值45.3+5
cout << "*dp= " << *dp << endl;
delete dp; // delete 释放dp指向的动态分配的double内存块
dp = new double[5]; //new 分配了可以存放15个double值的内存块,
//返回这块连续内存的起始地址,而且指针类型是
//double *, 实际是第一个double元素的地址
// new会对每个double元素调用double类型的构造函数做初始化,比如初始化为0
dp[0] = 4456; // dp[0]等价于 *(dp+0)即*dp,也即是第1个double元素的内存块
dp[1] = dp[0] + 567; // dp[1]等价于 *(dp+1),也即是第2个double元素的内存块
cout << "d[0]=: " << dp[0] << " d[1]=: " << dp[1] << endl;
delete[] dp; // 释放dp指向的多个double元素占据的内存块,
// 对每个double元素调用析构函数以释放资源
// 缺少[],只释放第一个double元素的内存块,这叫“内存泄漏”
int n = 8;
dp = new double[n]; // new 可以分配随机大小的double元素,
// 而静态数组则必须是编译期固定大小,即大小为常量
// 如 double arr[20];通过下标访问每个元素
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
dp[i] = i;
} //通过指针访问每个元素
double *p = dp;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
cout << *(p + i) << endl; //p[i]或dp[i]
}
cout << endl;
for (double *p = dp, *q = dp + n; p < q; p++) {
cout << *p << endl;
}
cout << endl;
delete[] dp;
char *s;
s = new char[100];
'\0'
strcpy(s, "Hello!"); //将字符串常量拷贝到s指向的字符数组内存块中
cout << s << endl;
delete[] s; //用完以后,记得释放内存块,否则会“内存泄漏”!
return 0;
}
17. 类:是在C的struct类型上,增加了“成员函数”。
C的strcut可将一个概念或实体的所有属性组合在一起,描述同一类对象的共同属性,
C++使得struct不但包含数据,还包含函数(方法)用于访问或修改类变量(对象)的这些属性。
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Date {
int d, m, y;
void init(int dd, int mm, int yy) {
d = dd; m = mm; y = yy;
}
void print() {
cout << y << "-" << m << "-" << d << endl;
}
};
int main (){
Date day;
day.print(); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的print方法
day.init(4, 6, 1999); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的init方法
day.print(); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的print方法
return 0;
}
// 成员函数 返回 “自引用” (*this)
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Date {
int d, m, y;
void init(int dd, int mm, int yy) {
d = dd; m = mm; y = yy;
}
void print() {
cout << y << "-" << m << "-" << d << endl;
}
Date& add(int dd) {
d = d + dd;
return *this; //this是指向调用这个函数的类型对象指针,
// *this就是调用这个函数的那个对象
//这个成员函数返回的是“自引用”,即调用这个函数的对象本身
//通过返回自引用,可以连续调用这个函数
// day.add(3);
// day.add(3).add(7);
}
};
int main() {
Date day;
day.print(); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的print方法
day.init(4, 6, 1999); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的init方法
day.print(); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的print方法
day.add(3);
day.add(5).add(7);
day.print();
return 0;
}
//成员函数重载“运算符函数”
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Date {
int d, m, y;
void init(int dd, int mm, int yy) {
d = dd; m = mm; y = yy;
}
void print() {
cout << y << "-" << m << "-" << d << endl;
}
Date& operator+=(int dd) {
d = d + dd;
return *this; //this是指向调用这个函数的类型对象指针,
// *this就是调用这个函数的那个对象
//这个成员函数返回的是“自引用”,即调用这个函数的对象本身
//通过返回自引用,可以连续调用这个函数
// day.add(3);
// day.add(3).add(7);
}
};
int main() {
Date day;
day.print(); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的print方法
day.init(4, 6, 1999); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的init方法
day.print(); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的print方法
day += 3; // day.add(3);
(day += 5) += 7; //day.add(5).add(7);
day.print();
return 0;
}
18. 构造函数和析构函数
构造函数是和类名同名且没有返回类型的函数,在定义对象时会自动被调用,而不需要在单独调用专门的初始化函数如init,
构造函数用于初始化类对象成员,包括申请一些资源,如分配内存、打开某文件等
析构函数是在类对象销毁时被自动调用,用于释放该对象占用的资源,如释放占用的内存、关闭打开的文件
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Date {
int d, m, y;
Date(int dd, int mm, int yy) {
d = dd; m = mm; y = yy;
cout << "构造函数" << endl;
}
void print() {
cout << y << "-" << m << "-" << d << endl;
}
~Date() { //析构函数名是~和类名,且不带参数,没有返回类型
//目前不需要做任何释放工作,因为构造函数没申请资源
cout << "析构函数" << endl;
}
};
int main(){
Date day; //错:会自动调用构造函数,但没提供3个参数
Date(4, 6, 1999); //会自动调用构造函数Date(int dd, int mm, int yy)
// day.init(4, 6, 1999); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的init方法
day.print(); //通过类Date对象day调用类Date的print方法
return 0;
}
执行上述代码,看看构造函数和析构函数执行了吗?
假如想如下调用构造函数构造对象,是不是要定义多个同名的构造函数(即重载构造函数)?
Date day;
Date day1(2);
Date day2(23, 10);
Date day3(2,3,1999);
当然可以的
struct Date {
int d, m, y;
Date() {
d = m = 1; y = 2000;
cout << "构造函数" << endl;
}
Date(int dd) {
d = dd; m = 1; y = 2000;
cout << "构造函数" << endl;
}
Date(int dd, int mm) {
d = dd; m = mm; y = 2000;
cout << "构造函数" << endl;
}
Date(int dd, int mm, int yy) {
d = dd; m = mm; y = yy;
cout << "构造函数" << endl;
}
void print() {
cout << y << "-" << m << "-" << d << endl;
}
~Date() {//析构函数名是~和类名,且不带参数,没有返回类型
//目前不需要做任何释放工作,因为构造函数没申请资源
cout << "析构函数" << endl;
}
};
为什么不用默认参数呢?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Date {
int d, m, y;
Date(int dd = 1, int mm = 1, int yy = 1999) {
d = dd; m = mm; y = yy;
cout << "构造函数" << endl;
}
void print() {
cout << y << "-" << m << "-" << d << endl;
}
~Date() {//析构函数名是~和类名,且不带参数,没有返回类型
//目前不需要做任何释放工作,因为构造函数没申请资源
cout << "析构函数" << endl;
}
};
int main(){
Date day;
Date day1(2);
Date day2(23, 10);
Date day3(2, 3, 1999);
day.print();
day1.print();
day2.print();
day3.print();
return 0;
}
//析构函数示例
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS //windows系统
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
struct student {
char *name;
int age;
student(char *n = "no name", int a = 0) {
name = new char[100]; // 比malloc好!
strcpy(name, n);
age = a;
cout << "构造函数,申请了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
virtual ~student(){ // 析构函数
delete name; // 不能用free!
cout << "析构函数,释放了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
cout << "Hello!" << endl << endl;
student a;
cout << a.name << ", age " << a.age << endl << endl;
student b("John");
cout << b.name << ", age " << b.age << endl << endl;
b.age = 21;
cout << b.name << ", age " << b.age << endl << endl;
student c("Miki", 45);
cout << c.name << ", age " << c.age << endl << endl;
cout << "Bye!" << endl << endl;
return 0;
}
19. 访问控制、类接口
将关键字struct换成class
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class student {
char *name;
int age;
student(char *n = "no name", int a = 0) {
name = new char[100]; // 比malloc好!
strcpy(name, n);
age = a;
cout << "构造函数,申请了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
virtual ~student() { // 析构函数
delete name; // 不能用free!
cout << "析构函数,释放了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
cout << "Hello!" << endl << endl;
student a; //编译出错:无法访问 private 成员(在“student”类中声明)
cout << a.name << ", age " << a.age << endl << endl; //编译出错
student b("John"); //编译出错
cout << b.name << ", age " << b.age << endl << endl;//编译出错
b.age = 21; //编译出错
cout << b.name << ", age " << b.age << endl << endl;//编译出错
return 0;
}
class定义的类的成员默认都是私有的private,外部函数无法通过类对象成员或类成员函数
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class student {
//默认私有的,等价于 private:
char *name;
int age;
public: //公开的
student(char *n = "no name", int a = 0) {
name = new char[100]; // 比malloc好!
strcpy(name, n);
age = a;
cout << "构造函数,申请了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
virtual ~student() { // 析构函数
delete name; // 不能用free!
cout << "析构函数,释放了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
cout << "Hello!" << endl << endl;
student a; //OK
cout << a.name << ", age " << a.age << endl ; //编译出错: 无法访问 private 成员(在“student”类中声明)
student b("John");
cout << b.name << ", age " << b.age << endl ;//编译出错
b.age = 21;
cout << b.name << ", age " << b.age << endl l;//编译出错
return 0;
}
a.name,a.age仍然不能访问, 如何进一步修改呢?
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
class student {
//默认私有的,等价于 private:
char *name;
int age;
public: //公开的
char *get_name() { return name; }
int get_age() { return age; }
void set_age(int ag) { age = ag; }
student(char *n = "no name", int a = 0) {
name = new char[100]; // 比malloc好!
strcpy(name, n);
age = a;
cout << "构造函数,申请了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
virtual ~student() { // 析构函数
delete name; // 不能用free!
cout << "析构函数,释放了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
cout << "Hello!" << endl << endl;
student a;
cout << a.get_name() << ", age " << a.get_age() << endl ; //编译出错
student b("John");
cout << b.get_name() << ", age " << b.get_age() << endl l;//编译出错
b.set_age(21);
cout << b.get_name() << ", age " << b.get_age() << endl ;//编译出错
return 0;
}
接口:public的公开成员(一般是成员函数)称为这个类的对外接口,外部函数只能通过这些接口访问类对象,
private等非public的包含内部内部细节,不对外公开,从而可以封装保护类对象!
定义一个数组类array
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Array {
int size;
double *data;
public:
Array(int s) {
size = s;
data = new double[s];
}
virtual ~Array() {
delete[] data;
}
double &operator [] (int i) {
if (i < 0 || i >= size) {
cerr << endl << "Out of bounds" << endl;
throw "Out of bounds";
}
else return data[i];
}
};
int main() {
Array t(5);
t[0] = 45; // OK
t[4] = t[0] + 6; // OK
cout << t[4] << endl; // OK
t[10] = 7; // error!
return 0;
}
20. 拷贝: 拷贝构造函数、赋值运算符
下列赋值为什么会出错?
“student m(s);
s = k;”
拷贝构造函数:定义一个类对象时用同类型的另外对象初始化
赋值运算符:一个对象赋值给另外一个对象
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS //windows系统
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
struct student {
char *name;
int age;
student(char *n = "no name", int a = 0) {
name = new char[100]; // 比malloc好!
strcpy(name, n);
age = a;
cout << "构造函数,申请了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
virtual ~student() { // 析构函数
delete[] name; // 不能用free!
cout << "析构函数,释放了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
student s;
student k("John", 56);
cout << k.name << ", age " << k.age << endl;
student m(s); //拷贝构造函数
s = k; //赋值运算符
cout << s.name << ", age " << s.age << endl;
return 0;
}
默认的“拷贝构造函数”是“硬拷贝”或“逐成员拷贝”,name指针同一块动态字符数组,当多次释放同一块内存就不错了!
指应该增加“拷贝构造函数”,保证各自有单独的动态数组空间。
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
struct student {
char *name;
int age;
student(char *n = "no name", int a = 0) {
name = new char[100]; // 比malloc好!
strcpy(name, n);
age = a;
cout << "构造函数,申请了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
student(const student &s) { // 拷贝构造函数 Copy constructor
name = new char[100];
strcpy(name, s.name);
age = s.age;
cout << "拷贝构造函数,保证name指向的是自己单独的内存块" << endl;
}
student & operator=(const student &s) { // 拷贝构造函数 Copy constructor
strcpy(name, s.name);
age = s.age;
cout << "拷贝构造函数,保证name指向的是自己单独的内存块" << endl;
return *this; //返回 “自引用”
}
virtual ~student(){ // 析构函数
delete[] name; // 不能用free!
cout << "析构函数,释放了100个char元素的动态空间" << endl;
}
};
int main() {
student s;
student k("John", 56);
cout << k.name << ", age " << k.age << endl ;
student m(k);
s = k;
cout << s.name << ", age " << s.age << endl ;
return 0;
}
21. 类体外定义方法(成员函数),必须在类定义中声明,类体外要有类作用域,否则就是全局外部函数了!
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Date {
int d, m, y;
public:
void print();
Date(int dd = 1, int mm = 1, int yy = 1999) {
d = dd; m = mm; y = yy;
cout << "构造函数" << endl;
}
virtual ~Date() {//析构函数名是~和类名,且不带参数,没有返回类型
//目前不需要做任何释放工作,因为构造函数没申请资源
cout << "析构函数" << endl;
}
};
void Date::print() {
cout << y << "-" << m << "-" << d << endl;
}
int main() {
Date day;
day.print();
}
22. 类模板:我们可以将一个类变成“类模板”或“模板类”,正如一个模板函数一样。
//将原来的所有double换成模板类型T,并加上模板头 template<class T>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
template<class T>
class Array {
T size;
T *data;
public:
Array(int s) {
size = s;
data = new T[s];
}
virtual ~Array() {
delete[] data;
}
T &operator [] (int i) {
if (i < 0 || i >= size) {
cerr << endl << "Out of bounds" << endl;
throw "index out of range";
}
else return data[i];
}
};
int main() {
Array<int> t(5);
t[0] = 45; // OK
t[4] = t[0] + 6; // OK
cout << t[4] << endl; // OK
t[10] = 7; // error!
Array<double> a(5);
a[0] = 45.5; // OK
a[4] = a[0] + 6.5; // OK
cout << a[4] << endl; // OK
a[10] = 7.5; // error!
return 0;
}
23. typedef 类型别名
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
typedef int INT;
int main() {
INT i = 3; //等价于int i = 3;
cout << i << endl;
return 0;
}
24. string
//string对象的初始化
#include <iostream>
#include <string> //typedef std::basic_string<char> string;
using namespace std;
typedef string String;
int main() {
// with no arguments
string s1; //默认构造函数:没有参数或参数有默认值
String s2("hello"); //普通构造函数 String就是string
s1 = "Anatoliy"; //赋值运算符
String s3(s1); //拷贝构造函数 string s3 =s1;
cout << "s1 is: " << s1 << endl;
cout << "s2 is: " << s2 << endl;
cout << "s3 is: " << s2 << endl;
// first argumen C string
// second number of characters
string s4("this is a C_sting", 10);
cout << "s4 is: " << s4 << endl;
// 1 - C++ string
// 2 - start position
// 3 - number of characters
string s5(s4, 6, 4); // copy word from s3
cout << "s5 is: " << s5 << endl;
// 1 - number characters
// 2 - character itself
string s6(15, '*');
cout << "s6 is: " << s6 << endl;
// 1 - start iterator(迭代器 )
// 2 - end iterator(迭代器 )
string s7(s4.begin(), s4.end() - 5);
cout << "s7 is: " << s7 << endl;
// 通过=初始化string对象
string s8 = "Anatoliy";
cout << "s8 is: " << s8 << endl;
string s9 = s1 + "hello"+ s2; //s1 + "hello"+ s2的结果是string类型的对象(变量)
cout << "s9 is: " << s9 << endl;
return 0;
}
//访问其中元素、遍历
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string s = "hell";
string w = "worl!";
s = s + w; //s +=w;
for (int ii = 0; ii != s.size(); ii++)
cout << ii << " " << s[ii] << endl;
cout << endl;
string::const_iterator cii;
int ii = 0;
for (cii = s.begin(); cii != s.end(); cii++)
cout << ii++ << " " << *cii << endl;
}
25. vector
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::cin;
using std::endl;
using std::vector;
int main() {
vector<double> student_marks;
int num_students;
cout << "Number of students: " << endl;
cin >> num_students;
student_marks.resize(num_students);
for (vector<double>::size_type i = 0; i < num_students; i++) {
cout << "Enter marks for student #" << i + 1
<< ": " << endl;
cin >> student_marks[i];
}
cout << endl;
for (vector<double>::iterator it = student_marks.begin();
it != student_marks.end(); it++) {
cout << *it << endl;
}
return 0;
}
26. Inheritance继承(Derivation派生): 一个派生类(derived class)
从1个或多个父类(parent class) / 基类(base class)继承,即继承父类的属性和行为,
但也有自己的特有属性和行为。如:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Employee{
string name;
public:
Employee(string n);
void print();
};
class Manager: public Employee{
int level;
public:
Manager(string n, int l = 1);
//void print();
};
Employee::Employee(string n) :name(n)//初始化成员列表
{
//name = n;
}
void Employee::print() {
cout << name << endl;
}
Manager::Manager(string n, int l) :Employee(n), level(l) {
}
//派生类的构造函数只能描述它自己的成员和其直接基类的初始式,不能去初始化基类的成员。
Manager::Manager(string n, int l) : name(n), level(l) {
}
int main() {
Manager m("Zhang",2);
Employee e("Li");
m.print();
e.print();
}
class Manager : public Employee
{
int level;
public:
Manager(string n, int l = 1);
void print();
};
Manager::Manager(string n, int l) :Employee(n), level(l) {
}
void Manager::print() {
cout << level << "\t";
Employee::print();
}
int main() {
Manager m("Zhang");
Employee e("Li");
m.print();
e.print();
}
27. 虚函数Virtual Functions
派生类的指针可以自动转化为基类指针, 用一个指向基类的指针分别指向基类对象和派生类对象,并2次调用print()函数输出,结果如何?
int main() {
Employee *p;
Manager m("Zhang", 1);
Employee e("Li");
p = &e;
p->print();
p = &m;
p->print();
}
//可以将print声明为虚函数Virtual Functions
class Employee{
string name;
public:
Employee(string n);
virtual void print();
};
class Manager : public Employee
{
int level;
public:
Manager(string n, int l = 1);
void print();
};
Employee::Employee(string n) :name(n) {
}
void Employee::print() {
cout << name << endl;
}
Manager::Manager(string n, int l) :Employee(n), level(l) {
}
void Manager::print() {
cout << level << "\t";
Employee::print();
}
int main() {
Employee *p;
Manager m("Zhang", 1);
Employee e("Li");
p = &e;
p->print();
p = &m;
p->print();
}
假如一个公司的雇员(包括经理)要保存在一个数组如vector中,怎么办?
难道用2个数组:
Manager managers[100]; int m_num=0;
Employee employees[100]; int e_num=0;
//但经理也是雇员啊?
实际上:派生类的指针可以自动转化为基类指针。可以将所有雇员保存在一个
Employee* employees[100]; int e_num=0;
int main() {
Employee* employees[100]; int e_num = 0;
Employee* p;
string name; int level;
char cmd;
while (cin >> cmd) {
if (cmd == 'M' || cmd == 'm') {
cout << "请输入姓名和级别" << endl;
cin >> name >> level;
p = new Manager(name, level);
employees[e_num] = p; e_num++;
}
else if (cmd == 'e' || cmd == 'E') {
cout << "请输入姓名" << endl;
cin >> name;
p = new Employee(name);
employees[e_num] = p; e_num++;
}
else break;
cout << "请输入命令" << endl;
}
for (int i = 0; i < e_num; i++) {
employees[i]->print();
}
}
当然,我们可以从一个类派生出多个不同的类,如:
class Employee{
//...
public:
virtual void print();
};
class Manager : public Employee{
// ...
public:
void print();
};
class Secretary : public Employee{
// ...
public:
void print();
};
//我们也可以从多个不同的类派生出一个类来:多重派生(Multiple inheritance)
class One{
// class internals
};
class Two{
// class internals
};
class MultipleInheritance : public One, public Two
{
// class internals
};
28. 纯虚函数(pure virtual function )和抽象类(abstract base class)
函数体=0的虚函数称为“纯虚函数”。包含纯虚函数的类称为“抽象类”
#include <string>
class Animal // This Animal is an abstract base class
{
protected:
std::string m_name;
public:
Animal(std::string name)
: m_name(name)
{ }
std::string getName() { return m_name; }
virtual const char* speak() = 0; // note that speak is now a pure virtual function
};
int main() {
Animal a; //错:抽象类不能实例化(不能定义抽象类的对象(变量))
}
//从抽象类派生的类型如果没有继承实现所有的纯虚函数,则仍然是“抽象类”
#include <iostream>
class Cow : public Animal
{
public:
Cow(std::string name)
: Animal(name)
{
}
// We forgot to redefine speak
};
int main(){
Cow cow("Betsy"); //仍然错:因为Cow仍然是抽象类
std::cout << cow.getName() << " says " << cow.speak() << '\n';
}
像下面这样实现所有纯虚函数就没问题了,Cow不是一个抽象类
#include <iostream>
class Cow : public Animal
{
public:
Cow(std::string name)
: Animal(name)
{
}
virtual const char* speak() { return "Moo"; }
};
int main()
{
Cow cow("Betsy");
std::cout << cow.getName() << " says " << cow.speak() << '\n';
}
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