1. operators
Operators are used to perform operations on data object(variables and values). Python divides the operators in the following groups:
- Arithmetic operators
- Assignment operators
- Comparison operators
- Logical operators
- Identity operators
- Membership operators
- Bitwise operators
Arithmetic Operators
- +: Add two operands or unary plus
- -: Subtract right operand from the left or unary minus
- /: Divide left operand by the right one (always results into float)
- %: Modulus - remainder of the division of left operand by the right
- //: Floor division - division that results into whole number adjusted to the left in the number line
**: Exponent - left operand raised to the power of right
x = 12
y = 5
print("x=",x)
print("y=",y)
print('x + y =',x+y)
print('x - y =',x-y)
print('+x =',+x)
print('-x =',-x)
print('x * y =',x*y)
print('x / y =',x/y)
print('x // y =',x//y)
print('x ** y =',x**y)
x= 12
y= 5
x + y = 17
x - y = 7
+x = 12
-x = -12
x * y = 60
x / y = 2.4
x // y = 2
x ** y = 248832
Comparison operators
Comparison operators are used to compare values. It returns either True or False according to the condition.
==: Equal!=: Not equal>: Greater than<: Less than>=: Greater than or equal to<=: Less than or equal to
x = 12
y = 5
print("x=",x)
print("y=",y)
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)
x= 12
y= 5
x > y is True
x < y is False
x == y is False
x != y is True
x >= y is True
x <= y is False
Logical Operators
not,or,and
The None keyword is used to define a null value, or no value at all.
- not: not x means: True if x is False or 0 or None, False if x is True or not 0 or not None
print(not False)
print(not 0)
print(not None)
print(not True)
print(not 3)
print(not not None)
True
True
True
False
False
False
- or: x or y means: if x is not None or True,result is x; if x is None or False, otherwise the result is y
print(False or 3)
print(0 or False)
print(None or "hwdong")
print(True or None)
print('hello' or False)
print("hello" or None)
print('hello' or 3)
3
False
hwdong
True
hello
hello
hello
- and: x and y means: if x is None or 0 or False, the result is x,otherwise the result is y
print(False and 3)
print(0 and False)
print(None and "hwdong")
print(True and None)
print('hello' and False)
print('hello' and None)
print('hello' and 3)
False
0
None
None
False
None
3
Bitwise operators
| &, | , ~,^,», « |
Every value is represented in binary digits. For example, 2 is 10 in binary and 7 is 111. We can use the format() method of str to see the binary digits of an operand:
a = 37
print('a = ','{:08b}'.format(a))
a = 00100101
Bitwise operators act on operands as if they were strings of binary digits.
x & y Does a “bitwise and”. Each bit of the output is 1 if the corresponding bit of x AND of y is 1, otherwise it’s 0.
x | y Does a “bitwise or”. Each bit of the output is 0 if the corresponding bit of x AND of y is 0, otherwise it’s 1.
x ^ y Does a “bitwise exclusive or”. Each bit of the output is the same as the corresponding bit in x if that bit in y is 0, and it’s the complement of the bit in x if that bit in y is 1.
a = 37
b = 22
print('a = ','{:08b}'.format(a))
print('b = ','{:08b}'.format(b))
print('a&b=','{:08b}'.format(a&b))
print('a|b=','{:08b}'.format(a|b))
print('a^b=','{:08b}'.format(a^b))
a = 00100101
b = 00010110
a&b= 00000100
a|b= 00110111
a^b= 00110011
~x
Returns the complement of x - the number you get by switching each 1 for a 0 and each 0 for a 1. This is the same as -x - 1.
print('a = ','{:08b}'.format(a))
print('~a = ','{:08b}'.format(~a))
a = 00100101
~a = -0100110
x « y
Returns x with the bits shifted to the left by y places (and new bits on the right-hand-side are zeros). This is the same as multiplying x by 2**y.
x » y
Returns x with the bits shifted to the right by y places. This is the same as //’ing x by 2**y.
print('b = ','{:08b}'.format(b))
print('b<<2: ','{:08b}'.format(b<<2)) # b的二进制左移2位，右边低位补充0
print('b>>2: ','{:08b}'.format(b>>2)) # b的二进制右移2位，左边高位补充0
print('~b: ','{:08b}'.format(~b)) # ~b就是-(b+1)，b=22的补是-23
print(b)
print(b<<2)
print(b>>2)
print(~b)
b = 00010110
b<<2: 01011000
b>>2: 00000101
~b: -0010111
22
88
5
-23
Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used in Python to assign values to variables.
a = 5
Means define a variable refer to object 5. a is not a box, it is just a name. When do:
a = 7
Means define a new variable refer to object 7
a = 5
print(id(a))
a = 7
print(id(a))
140732421153296
140732421153360
There are various compound operators in Python like a += 5 that adds to the variable and later assigns the same. It is equivalent to a = a + 5. But the two a refer to different object.
a= 3
b = a
print(id(a))
a = a+5
print(id(b))
print(id(a))
a +=5
print(id(a))
140703196305120
140703196305120
140703196305280
140703196305440
The three a refer to three objects.
Assignment operator = can be combined with algorithm operators and Bitwise operators.
Special operators
Identity operators
to test if two objects are the same object.
- is:
- is not
a = 5
b = 5
x = 'hwdong'
y = "hwdong"
print(a is b)
print(a is not b)
print(x is y)
print(x is not y)
a = [1,2,3]
b = [1,2,3]
print(a is b)
print(a is not b)
True
False
True
False
False
True
Membership operators
- in
- not in
They are used to test whether a value or variable is found in a sequence (string, list, tuple, set and dictionary).
x = 'hwdong'
print('H' in x)
print('hello' not in x)
print('dong' in x)
y = {1:'a',2:'b'}
print(1 in y) # test is key 1 in y
print('a' in y) # test is key 'a' in y
False
True
True
True
False
Operator precedence
operators have different precedence. Operator precedence affects how an expression is evaluated.
3+5*2
13
https://www.mathcs.emory.edu/~valerie/courses/fall10/155/resources/op_precedence.html
You don’t remember Operator precedence. You can use parentheses to change the order for computations.
(3+5)/(2-6)
-2.0
支付宝打赏
微信打赏
您的打赏是对我最大的鼓励！
